The province is a continuation of the southern part of the Eastern Mongolian steppe, covering a total area of 82,300 square kilometers, and belongs to the steppe zone. Most of the area is located at an altitude of 1,000-1,200 meters above sea level. The highest point is Mount Shiliin Bogd, which rises 1,778 meters above sea level, and the lowest point is Baishint, which is 790 meters above sea level.

Sukhbaatar province falls under a water-scarce hydrological region, with surface water being rare. There are no major rivers with regular flow, but the province has over 20 small lakes, about 200 springs, and several small rivers and streams.

The region is rich in unique natural features, including over 200 extinct volcanoes, Ongon and Moltsog large sand dunes covering areas of 127-248 square kilometers, numerous mountain valleys with significant stone formations, and fossilized remains of animals and plants such as petrified bones.