The mountains in the Gobi-Altai region formed at the very end of the Alpine orogeny during the Quaternary period, and due to significant tectonic forces, they rose to considerable heights. Consequently, high mountains like Khaskhat Khairkhan in the province contain boulder remnants from glaciations dating back 600 million years, a discovery that marks a new milestone in geological science. These mountains are bordered by vast desert plains, depressions, and basins. The province’s topography is predominantly characterized by a relatively flat surface, meaning that the mid-Mesozoic landscapes unaffected by recent mountain-building movements have been preserved.

In areas such as Shine Us, Khasha Uul in Khaliun and Biger soums, and Ulaan Ganga and Eej Khairkhan mountains in Altai soum, as well as the Bungiin Gol area in Bugat soum, remnants of giant rhinoceroses from the Paleogene period have been found. Particularly notable is the discovery of a range of Miocene epoch fossils from the Neogene period in Shargiin Gobi, including birds, freshwater mollusks, clams, ancient elephants, and horses from the Pliocene epoch. These complex fossil findings from a single location are of great interest to paleontology. Additionally, ancient elephant and horse fossils from the Miocene epoch of the Neogene period have been discovered in the Khaliun and Biger soum areas.